Abstract:
The persistent conflict between China and Taiwan remains a pressing issue, casting a shadow over international relations. The escalating tensions continue to draw the attention of the global community, significantly impacting diplomatic relations with both China and Taiwan. This article adopts a realist perspective to delve into the complexities of the conflict, examining how both nations seek to uphold their national integrity and analyzing the responses of other countries to this prolonged dispute.
Employing a literary study approach, this article relies on secondary data to comprehensively analyze the conflict. Its aim is to elucidate key aspects such as the dynamics of power within the China-Taiwan conflict, the nuances of diplomatic relations, and the strategies employed by both parties to navigate their positions within the international system. Through this methodological framework, several crucial insights have emerged, shedding light on the conceptualization of power in the context of the China-Taiwan conflict, the intricacies of diplomatic engagements, and the imperative for both parties to ensure their survival in the complex international landscape.
Literature Review
In the discourse on the complex relationship between China and Taiwan, Silitonga’s work in “Geopolitics and International Contemporary Issues in Asia Pacific and Beyond” (2020) offers a comprehensive exploration of the underlying dynamics. The crux of the issue lies in the ideological differences that have led China to withhold recognition of Taiwan’s sovereignty, despite Taiwan’s allegiance to the United States. Silitonga posits that this ideological rift intensifies tensions, with the United States intervening to counterbalance China’s influence, creating a precarious situation for Taiwan.
Examining the relationship between Taiwan and the United States through the lens of realism reveals the inherent challenges faced by Taiwan in asserting itself as a distinct entity. In the realm of international relations dominated by the influential forces of China and the United States, every interaction is imbued with strategic goals and interests. The controversial One China Policy further complicates matters, eliciting varied responses from the international community.
The impact of the One China Policy on both China and Taiwan is a focal point of Silitonga’s analysis. While China perceives it as beneficial, Taiwan experiences it as a detrimental force, limiting its international maneuverability. From a realist perspective, this policy serves as a tool for China to assert its power and constrain Taiwan’s global standing.
Silitonga’s work extends the examination of the One China Policy through the lens of offensive realism, highlighting the potential for a significant military conflict. As Taiwan grapples with challenges to its international recognition and participation in organizations, the consequences of the One China Policy become evident. Instances such as Taiwan’s exclusion from WHO during the SARS outbreak underscore the policy’s far-reaching implications.
The burden imposed by the One China Policy is tangible in Taiwan’s diplomatic struggles, with nations opting to establish formal ties with China, neglecting Taiwan’s sovereign status. Despite these obstacles, Silitonga emphasizes that informal cooperative relations persist through Taiwan’s informal consulate offices, allowing it to maintain some semblance of foreign relations.
This literature review draws on Silitonga’s insights to illuminate the intricate facets of the China-Taiwan conflict, especially concerning the One China Policy. The strength factor, elucidated in Silitonga’s work, emerges as a pivotal element in the international arena, influencing survival and power dynamics. In analyzing this conflict through the lens of realism, the review underscores the multifaceted challenges faced by Taiwan and the intricate geopolitical dance unfolding in the Asia Pacific and beyond.
Results and Discussion
- The Concept of Power in the China-Taiwan Conflict
1.1 The Lens of Realism and the Notion of Power in International Relations
The realist perspective, as articulated by figures such as Morgenthau, highlights the pivotal role of power in shaping international relations. Despite facing criticism for its perceived pessimism, realism offers a valuable framework for understanding global dynamics and provides insights into state behavior as they pursue their national interests. This section explores the concept of power in the context of the China-Taiwan conflict, analyzing how both nations navigate their positions within the international arena.
1.2 China’s Strategic Development of Power
China, propelled by its historical trajectory and influential figures such as Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping, has emerged as a global powerhouse. Deng Xiaoping, revered as the “architect of the economic revolution,” not only ignited China’s economic growth but also bolstered its military capabilities. The Responsible Great Power policy, introduced during Jiang Zemin’s tenure, underscores China’s dedication to assuming a responsible role in addressing international challenges and challenging Western-centric world orders.
Under the leadership of Xi Jinping, China has showcased its military strength in safeguarding sovereignty while fostering trade and investment cooperation. China’s assertive foreign policy stance significantly influences its approach to the Taiwan conflict, underscoring a steadfast commitment to preserving territorial integrity.
1.3 Taiwan’s Struggle for Recognition and Security
In light of China’s claims, Taiwan confronts the challenge of fortifying its sovereignty. Despite the criteria outlined in the Montevideo Convention for statehood, Taiwan’s pursuit of recognition faces hurdles due to China’s territorial assertions. The formidable obstacles to gaining international recognition and accession to organizations like the United Nations underscore the intricate geopolitical landscape at play.
Leadership transitions within Taiwan, from Ma Ying-jeou to Tsai Ing-wen, mirror diverse strategies in navigating the conflict. Ma Ying-jeou emphasized the avoidance of provocations and conflicts with China, prioritizing national security concerns. In contrast, Tsai Ing-wen’s administration, attuned to Taiwanese sentiments rejecting reunification, has actively pursued closer ties with the United States to reinforce its strategic position.
1.4 The United States’ Role and Potential Impact on International Stability
The complex interplay between China and Taiwan is further complicated by the involvement of the United States. Under Joe Biden’s leadership, the U.S. has displayed support for Taiwan, evident in joint military exercises. This alignment of interests has strained U.S.-China relations, with potential repercussions for international stability.
While China’s military superiority over Taiwan is evident, the role of the United States introduces a significant variable. The possibility of a major conflict between these two great powers raises concerns about global stability, emphasizing the intricate nature of international relations.
1.5 The Role of Power in Shaping Strategies and Policies
When evaluating the China-Taiwan conflict, the concept of power emerges as a pivotal factor. Both nations utilize power as a means of defense against threats and as a mechanism for advancing their respective interests. China’s utilization of power, not exclusively through direct military confrontation, but also through strategic policies and diplomatic relations, highlights the nuanced complexity of the conflict. Given this intricate landscape, the meticulous calibration of power dynamics becomes essential in safeguarding sovereignty and pursuing national interests within the realm of international relations.
- China and Taiwan’s Sovereignty Defense Strategies
2.1 Realism and Anarchy in the International System
From a realist perspective, the international system appears as a realm of anarchy, devoid of a supreme governing power over states. Within this framework, each nation is compelled by a survival imperative and takes on the responsibility for safeguarding its own interests. To navigate this intricate environment, countries craft foreign policies and employ specific strategies customized to address potential conflicts that may arise in the future.
2.2 Divergent Strategies of China and Taiwan
Every country formulates a distinct strategy to pursue its national interests and ensure self-protection. This principle applies equally to China and Taiwan, with their strategies molded by the prevailing leadership. This examination of policies centers on the approaches taken by China’s President Xi Jinping and Taiwan’s leader, Tsai Ing-wen.
2.3 One China Policy and Its Implications
China’s One China Policy serves as a cornerstone for safeguarding sovereignty and asserting Taiwan as an integral part of Chinese territory. However, Taiwan vehemently rejects this policy, propelled by its aspiration for independent statehood. The ripple effects extend beyond China and Taiwan, influencing other nations by dictating diplomatic relations in accordance with the One China Policy.
2.4 China’s Multi-Faceted Defense Policies
China employs a multifaceted approach to defend its sovereignty against perceived threats, particularly from the United States, a staunch supporter of Taiwan. This approach encompasses various military strategies, including Maritime Blockade, Limited Force or Coercive Options, Amphibious Invasion, and Air and Missile Campaigns, demonstrating China’s readiness to counter external pressures. Moreover, China implements political policies like “Isolated and Alone,” which aim to isolate Taiwan from international recognition. Additionally, economic measures, such as reducing tourist visits, serve as further demonstrations of China’s influence on Taiwan’s economy.
2.5 Taiwan’s Resilient Responses
In response to China’s imposing policies, Taiwan, under Tsai Ing-wen’s leadership, has formulated resilient strategies. One such strategy involves leveraging small states diplomacy, utilizing Taiwan’s geostrategic position to foster non-diplomatic relations, particularly with ASEAN countries. This approach aims to uphold Taiwan’s international role and advance its national interests in the face of external pressures.
2.6 Leveraging Proximity to the United States
Tsai Ing-wen’s government strategically leverages its proximity to the United States, engaging in non-diplomatic relations to enhance Taiwan’s defense capabilities. This includes engaging in transactions for military equipment, reinforcing the balance of power between Taiwan and China as a deterrent against aggression.
2.7 Diplomatic Recognition Efforts
To gain full sovereignty, Taiwan actively pursues diplomatic recognition, seeking acknowledgment from other countries. While several nations do recognize Taiwan’s sovereignty, the absence of support from major powers poses challenges. In this context, Tsai Ing-wen strategically aligns with the United States through initiatives like the U.S. Visa Waiver program, aiming to elevate Taiwan’s international standing and garner support to counter Beijing’s influence.
Navigating the complex dynamics of the China-Taiwan conflict, both nations employ intricate strategies rooted in realism, power dynamics, and national survival imperatives. As they engage in a delicate dance of military posturing, economic coercion, and diplomatic maneuvers, the international community closely watches, cognizant of the broader implications for global stability and the evolving contours of power in the Asia-Pacific region.
- Survival Strategies in Diplomatic Support for Taiwan
3.1 Realism and the Imperative of Survival
Embracing the realist perspective, which acknowledges an anarchic international structure, nations are compelled to prioritize their security and defense in a self-reliant manner. However, in the contemporary era, a country’s survival extends beyond mere security and defense considerations; it also encompasses diplomatic resilience to navigate the intricate web of international relations.
3.2 Diplomatic Fallout: Solomon Islands’ Shift
The conflict between China and Taiwan reverberates beyond their immediate borders, influencing the diplomatic decisions of other nations. A notable case is the Solomon Islands, a significant Pacific nation that, until September 2019, maintained official relations with Taiwan. However, the Solomon Islands made a strategic shift, opting for diplomatic ties with China.
3.3 Economic Factors and Strategic Realignment
The pivotal factor in the Solomon Islands’ diplomatic recalibration was the economic allure presented by China. Deep-rooted business connections and China’s burgeoning economic and military prowess proved irresistible. The economic benefits flowing from diplomatic ties with China were deemed more substantial than those offered by maintaining relations with Taiwan. The Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands foresaw collaborative endeavors with China as a catalyst for his country’s development (Putri, 2019).
3.4 Geopolitical Considerations and Power Dynamics
Beyond economic gains, geopolitical considerations played a pivotal role in the Solomon Islands’ decision. China’s expanding influence in the South Pacific region posed a counterweight to U.S. dominance. In alignment with global power dynamics, the Solomon Islands strategically sought to align itself with emerging forces, recognizing the need to adapt its strategy to harness benefits amid shifting dynamics in the Asia Pacific region.
In essence, the Solomon Islands’ diplomatic realignment underscores the multifaceted considerations nations must weigh in navigating the evolving dynamics of international relations. Beyond security imperatives, economic opportunities, and geopolitical alignments become pivotal factors in crafting diplomatic strategies that ensure a country’s survival and development in the complex and ever-changing global landscape.
- Conclusion: Dynamics of Realism and Diplomatic Realignment
Realism, a foundational theory in international relations, posits that nations inherently compete and conflict due to selfish human nature and the pursuit of individual interests. Within this paradigm, the international arena is characterized by a struggle for survival, wherein strength plays a pivotal role across military, political, and economic domains.
The ideological divergence between China and Taiwan underscores their conflicting interests in safeguarding sovereignty. Taiwan, confronted with China’s formidable power, faces challenges in attaining recognition as an independent entity on the global stage, maintaining a precarious status quo amidst persistent threats.
Taiwan’s pursuit of international support resonates with its proximity to the United States, leveraging strategic alliances to advance its national interests. However, the complexities of international politics mean that U.S. support does not guarantee Taiwan’s full autonomy, as the United States navigates its own strategic considerations in the region.
The transition of diplomatic relations, exemplified by the Solomon Islands’ shift from Taiwan to China, underscores the geopolitical influence wielded by strength and power dynamics. Under the One China Policy, the Solomon Islands’ recognition of Taiwan’s sovereignty is precluded, highlighting the diplomatic ramifications of global power play.
In essence, the interplay of realism, power dynamics, and diplomatic maneuvering shapes the complex geopolitical landscape of the China-Taiwan conflict. As nations vie for influence and sovereignty, the quest for survival and strategic alignment remains paramount, driving the evolution of diplomatic relations and international engagements in an ever-changing world order.
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Oliver Chang
[Oliver Chang is a recent graduate with a degree in Political Science from National Taiwan University. Currently, he is actively engaged in pursuing a Master’s degree in the same field. Oliver’s academic journey has been characterized by a dedicated focus on international relations and policy analysis, reflecting his passion for understanding and dissecting the complexities of global politics.]
Photo Credit – https://www.burghausen.de/en/event/science-education/lecture/china-and-the-taiwan-conflict/
