Afghanistan has endured nearly four decades of incessant warfare, resulting in the erosion of its economic, social and political foundations. The profound repercussions of this turmoil manifest prominently in the breakdown of traditional administrative and legal frameworks, impeding economic progress. This qualitative inquiry endeavors to elucidate and confront the primary impediments to economic advancement within Afghanistan.
The lack of recognition regarding economic development calls for a thorough examination, but researchers face substantial challenges due to limitations in national literature and data availability. Despite these obstacles, this review aims to analyze the factors influencing development in Afghanistan, drawing from credible academic sources such as books, articles, and reputable websites.
Introduction
Economic development is a fundamental goal for every nation, as it significantly contributes to societal well-being and overall progress. Within the broader context of development, economic advancement plays a crucial role across social, political and cultural domains (Lipset, 1959; Yu, 2021). This article explores the key barriers to economic development in Afghanistan, highlighting the extensive impact of prolonged conflict and violence over almost four decades (Haidery).”
The persistent state of warfare has ravaged Afghanistan’s economic infrastructure, perpetuating poverty and stagnation. Optimism for economic resurgence emerged in the early 21st century with shifting social, economic, and political dynamics (Akaev & Pantin, 2018). However, despite substantial international aid, the nation continues to grapple with heightened insecurity, rampant corruption, unemployment and deepening poverty. Effective economic policy formulation stands as a prerequisite for realizing sustainable development (Couch, 2019).
Economic insecurity emerges as a primary impediment to development, compounded by the absence of robust initiatives to bolster key sectors such as agriculture, crafts, and mining, thus exacerbating poverty and economic backwardness (Yusefzehi, Farzanehpour, & Bakhshi, 2019). Moreover, systemic corruption, unequal wealth distribution, and mismanagement of international assistance further impede progress.
Addressing the root causes of economic stagnation necessitates comprehensive research, yet researchers in Afghanistan confront myriad challenges including a dearth of reliable data sources and inadequately equipped libraries. Insufficient governmental support exacerbates these obstacles, hindering access to vital information and statistics, compounded by the historical absence of comprehensive economic and social surveys (Taheryar, 2017). This article aims to provide a foundational resource for scholars and students alike, facilitating deeper exploration into the complexities of economic development.
1.Concept of Development and Economic Expansion
Distinguishing between economic development and economic expansion is crucial. Economic development pertains to the quantitative growth in a nation’s gross domestic product (GDP) over time (Am Marcel, 2019). Conversely, economic expansion encompasses qualitative shifts within the economy, such as improvements in physical, human, and social capital. Economic growth represents an initial stage of economic expansion, encompassing transformative changes in social institutions, resource utilization, and production processes (Bloom & Prettner, 2020).”
2. Economic Expansion Indexes
Countries are categorized into developed and undeveloped based on a spectrum of educational, economic, social, hygienic, environmental, and political indicators, with human capital emerging as a cornerstone of national wealth (Destek & Sinha, 2020). The Human Development Index serves as a comprehensive metric, evaluating nations’ progress in fostering long and healthy lives, access to education, and overall standards of living (Mensah & Casadevall, 2019). Development initiatives must prioritize creating conducive environments for sustained human flourishing, transcending mere financial metrics to ensure holistic societal advancement.
Economic Insecurity: Hindrances to Development in Afghanistan
1.Economic Insecurity
Insufficient security for economic endeavors is a primary obstacle to economic development in Afghanistan. The prolonged period of warfare has created an unstable environment, discouraging individuals from participating in productive economic activities (Sadat & McChrystal, 2017). In a setting marred by insecurity, the promotion of intellectual, cultural and economic pursuits faces significant challenges, perpetuating a cycle of destruction. The pervasive culture of conflict overshadows efforts for construction and development, hindering government initiatives aimed at fostering economic growth (Kaszynska, 2020).
Historical efforts to stimulate economic development, such as the programs initiated in 1946, 1953, and 1986, have been hindered by widespread insecurity and a lack of financial resources (Junxia, 2019). The reluctance of both foreign and domestic investors to invest in an unstable environment exacerbates economic stagnation, widening social and economic disparities across public and private sectors.
2. Unemployment Factors and Challenges
Decades of conflict and the erosion of economic foundations have worsened unemployment in Afghanistan, compounded by a lack of vocational skills among the populace (MENTEŞ & TALAS, 2021). Despite the urgent need to address unemployment, concerted efforts have been lacking, perpetuating socio-economic challenges. Insecurity and dwindling investments further aggravate the unemployment crisis, exacerbated by population growth and the return of migrants (Mohabir, Jiang, & Ma, 2017).
The prevailing insecurity not only fuels unemployment but also drives rural-to-urban migration and emigration abroad. The impact of unemployment is disproportionately felt by low-skilled and illiterate workers, pushing them into poverty (Fernandes & Sridhar, 2017). Limited economic development, coupled with population pressures, compounds the employment predicament, particularly acute in rural areas.
Figure 1. showed the population by age, sex, and number of people including workers and unemployed people in 2019 (million tons)
The graph illustrates the severity of Afghanistan’s unemployment crisis, with 6.064 million individuals jobless out of 16 million qualified workers. Economic underdevelopment, population growth, and insecurity worsen this crisis, disproportionately affecting rural communities. Addressing these multifaceted challenges requires comprehensive strategies aimed at fostering economic stability and equipping the workforce with essential skills for sustainable livelihoods.
3. Economic Disparities: A Tale of Unbalanced Resource Distribution
The equitable distribution of resources remains elusive in Afghanistan, with historical inequities perpetuating socio-economic disparities. Despite land reforms initiated under various administrations, including those led by Zahir Shah, Dawod Khan, and the Khalq democratic government, challenges persist (Shroder et al., 2021). Tribal affiliations and racial biases have obstructed efforts toward achieving equitable resource allocation, perpetuating divisions along social, urban-rural, and economic lines (Rahmani & Ali, 2009).
Taxation, a fundamental tool for equitable resource distribution, faces transparency issues, burdening low-income earners disproportionately while affluent individuals evade tax obligations (Habib, 2014). The widening income gap, exacerbated by a lack of accurate statistical data, reflects a broader trend of increasing inequality across impoverished nations (Shafiei & Puttanna, 2021). Luxurious lifestyles juxtaposed with widespread poverty underscore systemic disparities, highlighting the urgent need for reform.
The influx of foreign aid, albeit substantial, has failed to address underlying structural deficiencies, with much of the assistance diverted to foreign contractors and imported goods, benefitting the elite few (Amiri, 2020). Decisions regarding resource allocation often bypass the Afghan government, further entrenching dependency on external actors (Bergman, 2021).
4. Agricultural Stagnation: A Barrier to Economic Progress
Agriculture, pivotal to Afghanistan’s economic landscape, has faltered amid decades of conflict and misguided policies. The historical precedence of agricultural revolutions preceding industrialization underscores its strategic importance (Amiri, 2020). However, the sector, which once constituted a significant portion of exports and government investment, has languished due to inadequate funding, reliance on erratic weather patterns, and antiquated farming techniques (World Bank, 2017).
The legacy of war and ongoing conflicts has decimated agricultural productivity, leaving farmers grappling with archaic methods and limited access to modern technology (Amiri, 2020). Land access remains a critical challenge, with cultivable land scarce and inefficient land-use practices exacerbating food insecurity (Noor, 2017). The failure to modernize agricultural practices hampers productivity, perpetuating poverty and hindering economic growth.
In conclusion, addressing economic disparities and revitalizing the agricultural sector are imperative for Afghanistan’s economic resurgence. Comprehensive reforms aimed at equitable resource distribution and modernizing agricultural practices are essential to foster sustainable development and alleviate poverty.
| Cultivatable land | Uncultivable land | ||||
| Km2 | Hectare | Acre | Km2 | Hectare | Km2 |
| 78267,6 | 7826760 | 39133800 | 14088.168 | 1408816,8 | 7044084 |
Table 1. Shows the cultivated and uncultivated lands
Utilization of Cultivable Lands Hindered by Multiple Challenges
Table 1 illustrates a disheartening reality in Afghanistan, where the majority of cultivatable lands remain unused due to a myriad of obstacles. The absence of sufficient irrigation infrastructure, mismanagement of water resources, inadequate agricultural tools, challenging geography, reliance on weather patterns, persistent flooding, and drought have collectively hindered the cultivation of potentially fertile lands.
Unrealized Agricultural Potential: A Glimpse from Figure 2
Figure 2 provides a stark visual representation of Afghanistan’s untapped agricultural potential, revealing that only 23.7 percent of usable lands are currently cultivatable. The remaining agricultural prospects of the country lie dormant, with various factors contributing to this underutilization. Challenges such as the scarcity of agricultural tools and experts, government neglect of the agricultural sector, insufficient support for personal investments in agriculture, pervasive insecurity, a lack of commitment to food self-sufficiency, and other systemic issues have played pivotal roles in impeding progress (World Bank, 2017). Addressing these challenges is crucial to unlocking the full agricultural potential of Afghanistan and fostering sustainable economic growth.
5.Untapped Riches: The Neglect of Natural Resources and Mines
A critical impediment to economic progress in Afghanistan lies in the underinvestment in natural resources, mines, and subterranean reserves, coupled with the inefficient utilization of the country’s abundant natural endowments. Despite being rich in untapped mines, Afghanistan’s potential wealth remains largely unexplored due to weak political management, poverty, and a shortage of skilled human resources (Rahmani & Ali, 2009).
Afghanistan possesses a variety of unutilized minerals, including fuel, gas, copper, iron, uranium, lithium, and other chemical elements crucial for a robust economy. Recognized by the American Institute of Geology Services, Afghanistan is hailed as the “Lithium of Arabistan,” holding the potential to rival China’s global monopoly on lithium production. Harnessing these resources could position Afghanistan as a major contributor to the world’s electronic markets (Noor, 2017).
6.Stagnant Industry: Technological Lag and Insufficient Investment
Weak industrial technology further hinders Afghanistan’s economic development. Despite a history of productive workshops and valuable handicrafts, the importation of foreign goods has impeded internal industrial growth. The impact of war has taken a toll on Afghanistan’s rich tradition of craftsmanship, with industry improvement delayed due to a lack of economic security, cultural stability, and political stability (Rahmani & Ali, 2009).
7.Power Shortage: Lack of Electricity Hindering Economic Activities
The insufficient supply of electricity poses a significant challenge to Afghanistan’s economic development. Despite abundant water resources, the country has struggled to become self-sufficient in energy production. Energy is a fundamental requirement for economic sectors, and the lack of a reliable and affordable power supply impedes progress in industries, agriculture, and services. While Afghanistan has the capacity to produce 23 Gigawatts of power, dependence on neighboring countries and inadequate distribution leave many citizens without access to electricity (Habib, 2014).
8.Commercial Challenges: Non-Professional Commerce and Historical Influences
The lack of a professional commerce sector poses another obstacle to economic improvement in Afghanistan. Historically influenced by external forces, Afghanistan has faced trade limitations, with overreliance on imports. Foreign interference, prolonged wars, and other factors have negatively impacted economic development, causing damage to internal industries, agricultural production, and the overall economic landscape. The service sector has declined, altering Afghanistan’s role as a consumer market (Habib, 2014). Basic obstacles that challenge economic and industrial development in Afghanistan include insecurity, widespread administrative corruption, limited rule of law, weak infrastructure, lack of access to financial services, and insufficient human potential (Ministry of Commerce and Industries, 2016). One of the key challenges faced by developing countries and the third world is reliance on imports and economic dependency on basic and raw materials, leading to negative economic, social, political, and cultural impacts in international commerce.
Table 2. Value of exports and imports of the country during 2017-2019 (thousand dollars)
| Year | Exports | Imports | Deduction |
| 2018 | 774531 | 7438901 | -6664370 |
| 2019 | 875241 | 7406590 | -6531349 |
| 2020 | 863833 | 6776781 | -5912948 |
Afghanistan’s participation in global trade is significantly lower compared to other nations. Table 2 highlights the challenges associated with imports and exports, depicting Afghanistan primarily as a consumer country. Notably, even basic agricultural and essential commodities are sourced from foreign countries (Ministry of Commerce and Industries, 2016). Economic insecurity, insufficient support for domestic products, and a scarcity of locally produced goods have contributed to a deficit in the trade balance, as evidenced by Table 2.
9.Transport Sector Stagnation: Land Dependency Amidst Infrastructure Gaps
Afghanistan grapples with geographical constraints, situated approximately 1400 meters above river levels, which limits air transportation capabilities crucial for intra and inter-provincial, as well as international, goods and passenger transport (Ministry of Commerce and Industries, 2016). With land transport serving as the primary mode of transportation, the nation’s transport sector faces significant hurdles, exacerbated by decades of war-induced destruction that depleted human resources and weakened management capacities (Asian Development Bank, 2017b).
10. Infrastructure Deficiencies: Impeding Economic Progress and Employment Opportunities
The lack of infrastructure in Afghanistan undermines economic advancement and job creation. Many rural areas lack access to electricity, while poorly maintained highways hinder transportation and trade. Neglect of the agricultural sector further exacerbates the decline in agricultural output, contributing to unemployment and hindering economic growth (Asian Development Bank, 2017b).
11. Private Sector Stagnation: Limited Contributions Amidst Regulatory Challenges
The private sector’s contribution to Afghanistan’s economic development remains modest, with estimates suggesting only 10 to 12 percent effectiveness in producing domestic raw materials. Despite constitutional provisions mandating government support for private investments, weak legislation, administrative corruption, limited access to land, and underdeveloped financial sectors have hindered private sector growth. The prevalence of a weak business environment has further constrained private sector improvements (Asian Development Bank, 2017b).
12.Administrative Corruption: A Systemic Barrier to Economic Progress
Corruption poses a significant challenge to Afghanistan’s post-war recovery efforts, undermining regulatory effectiveness and impeding economic policies aimed at disarmament, reconstruction, and development. Despite international recognition of corruption as a critical threat, insufficient efforts to combat corruption have persisted. The pervasive nature of corruption, encompassing financial mismanagement, contract irregularities, and governmental influence, hampers long-term peace and stability (UNDP, 2015).
13.Mismanagement of Foreign Assistance: Dependency and Infrastructural Gaps
Afghanistan’s reliance on foreign aid, exacerbated by decades of internal and external conflicts, has hindered efforts toward self-sufficiency and economic independence. Despite extensive international support following the events of 2001, the country’s infrastructure and fundamental economic structures remain underdeveloped, perpetuating dependency on foreign aid and impeding sustainable development (Kaszynska, 2020).
14.Informal Economy: Unregulated Trade and Contraband Activities
The informal sector dominates Afghanistan’s economic landscape, characterized by disorderly trade routes along the Pakistan, Iran, and Central Asian borders. Rampant smuggling and tax evasion contribute to an extensive informal economy, encompassing lawful and illicit activities. Despite efforts to address informal economic practices, the informal economy continues to thrive, challenging regulatory frameworks and impeding formal economic development (World Bank, 2017).
15.Conclusion: Charting a Path Towards Economic Resilience
Insecurity, administrative corruption, infrastructure deficiencies, and a stagnant private sector hinder Afghanistan’s economic growth prospects. Overcoming these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, including strengthening regulatory frameworks, combating corruption, investing in infrastructure, and fostering private sector growth. By addressing systemic barriers and leveraging potential opportunities, Afghanistan can chart a course towards sustainable economic development and prosperity.
Unraveling Economic Challenges in Afghanistan: A Historic Perspective and Path Forward
Conclusions:
Afghanistan’s Economic Retreat: A Tale of Past Prosperity Eclipsed by Conflict and Colonialism
Once a nation with a promising economic trajectory, Afghanistan has been marred by the destructive forces of war and colonial influence, erasing its past achievements. This exploration sought to identify the primary factors hindering economic development in Afghanistan, revealing a landscape marred by the enduring impacts of wars and infringements imposed by external forces.
The Roots of Misfortune: Wars and Violations
The crux of Afghanistan’s economic, social, and cultural challenges lies in the scars left by wars and violations orchestrated by external entities. Insecurity and political instability, offspring of prolonged conflicts, have not only thwarted developmental initiatives but have also birthed myriad challenges for the populace.
Agriculture’s Struggle: Corruption Undermining the Economic Backbone
While agriculture forms the bedrock of Afghanistan’s economy, its potential is stifled by administrative and financial corruption. This corruption, a pervasive impediment to economic progress, has debilitated the agriculture sector’s contribution to domestic raw material production, aligning with broader challenges in the nation’s economic improvement policies.
Neglected Sectors: Mines, Industry, and Income Disparities
The neglect of critical sectors such as mines and industry, coupled with the unjust distribution of income, further compounds the hurdles to economic development. The repercussions include a restricted job market and escalating unemployment rates, particularly affecting qualified individuals who find themselves either unemployed or relegated to unsuitable positions.
The Informal Economy and Governance Woes
The prevalence of an unofficial economy and a governance system rife with corruption pose additional obstacles to Afghanistan’s development. These factors not only contribute to the failure of development programs but also exacerbate the challenges faced by the nation in its pursuit of economic growth.
Charting a Path Forward: Navigating Systemic Barriers for Economic Resilience
In conclusion, Afghanistan stands at a crossroads, grappling with the aftermath of conflict and external influences. Overcoming these challenges necessitates a comprehensive approach, addressing issues ranging from corruption and administrative failures to neglect of critical economic sectors. By charting a path toward transparency, equitable distribution, and strategic investments, Afghanistan can reclaim its economic potential and pave the way for a more resilient and prosperous future.
Farid Ahmadzai
[Farid Ahmadzai, an Afghanistan University Master’s student and a dedicated International Relations scholar. With a burning passion for unraveling the intricate dynamics of global affairs, Farid is currently pursuing his Master’s degree at a prestigious university in Afghanistan.
As an Afghan student, Farid is committed to delving into the complexities of international relations, with a goal to contribute meaningfully to discussions surrounding diplomacy, conflict resolution, and peacebuilding. His academic focus centers on the geopolitics of Central and South Asia, particularly emphasizing Afghanistan’s strategic position within the region.
Engaged in rigorous academic research and analysis, Farid actively explores topics such as transnational security threats, regional integration, and the evolving role of international organizations in shaping global governance structures.
Driven by a commitment to fostering intercultural understanding and cooperation, Farid eagerly seeks opportunities to engage in dialogue with peers from diverse backgrounds. He firmly believes in the power of empathy and collaboration in addressing global challenges.
Continuously expanding his knowledge base through theoretical study and practical experiences, Farid aspires to leverage his education to contribute positively to Afghanistan’s development and enhance its relations with the international community.
With a steadfast belief in the transformative power of diplomacy and dialogue, Farid envisions a more peaceful and interconnected world where the voices of all nations, including Afghanistan, are heard and respected. He is motivated to become a catalyst for positive change, striving towards this vision with unwavering determination.]
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